หลักการทำงานของ Absorption Chiller  นะคะ

Absorption Chiller  คือ เครื่องทำความเย็น ชนิดระบายความร้อนด้วยน้ำประเภทหนึ่ง ที่รู้จักกันดีและใช้งานทั่วไป เป็นชนิด COMPRESSOR CHILLER

ประโยชน์ คือ

1.ไม่ใช้ไฟฟ้า	6. สามารถปรับประสิทธิภาพการทำงานได้ตั้งแต่ 10-100%
2.ใช้ความร้อนเป็นแหล่งพลังงาน	7.ค่าใช้จ่ายในการเดินเครื่องต่ำ
3.หมดปัญหาเรื่องค่าบำรุงรักษา	8.สามารถติดตั้งบนสถานที่ ที่รับน้ำหนักได้น้อย
4.ปราศจากเสียงในการทำงาน	9.ปราศจากสารทำลายชั้นบรรยากาศ

คุณสมบัติการเดือดของน้ำมีค่าแปรผันตามความดัน ที่ความดันบรรยากาศปกติน้ำจะเดือดที่ 100 °C ที่ความดันต่ำกว่าบรรยากาศ น้ำจะเดือดที่อุณหภูมิต่ำกว่า 100 °C และที่ความดันสัมบูรณ์ (Vacuum) 6 มิลลิเมตรปรอด น้ำจะเดือดที่ 3.7 °C คุณสมบัติของสาร LiBr เป็นสารที่สามารถดูดซับน้ำได้ดี เมื่อความเข้มข้นสูงจะสามารถดูดซับน้ำได้มาก และที่อุณหภูมิเพิ่มขึ้นการดูดซับน้ำจะน้อยลงค่ะ
	โดยคุณสมบัติดังกล่าวนี้ Vapour Absorption Machine สามารถผลิตน้ำ Chiller ได้ถึง 4.5 °C โดยใช้ไอน้ำเป็นพลังงานความร้อน Absorption Machine ทำงานโดยการดูดซับความร้อนจากน้ำ Chller ในขณะที่น้ำในระบบระเหยเป็นไอที่ 3.7 °C Chiller จะคายความร้อนให้กับน้ำที่ระเหย และสาร LiBr จะดูดซับไอน้ำเอาไว้ และจะถูกปั้มไปยังระบบ Generator เพื่อใช้ความร้อนแยกเอาน้ำ และสาร LiBr ออกจากกันและไหลกลับเข้ามาในระบบอีกครั้ง
	Absorption Chiller แบ่งตามประเภทแหล่งความร้อน
		Direct Fired Chiller
		Single Effect Steam fired chiller
		Double Effect Steam fired chiller
		Air conditioning system
	During diagram for Lithium Bromide(absorbent)&Distilled Water(refrigerant)
	ABS Chiller Piping Diagram For A/C System
	AIR Conditioning System
	TYPE OF CHILLER
METHOD TYPE REFRIGERANT ENERGY SOURCE A B S O R P T I O N STREAM OR HOT WATER SINGLE EFFECT H2O LOW PRESSURE STREAM (0.8~1.5 kg/cm2 .G) HOT WATER (130~150 C) DOUBLE EFFECT LOW PRESSURE STREAM (8 kg/cm2 .G) HOT WATER (180~200 C) DIRECT FIRED DOUBLE EFFECT GAS,OIL COMPRESSION CENTRIFUGAL R-11,12,22,113,114 ELECTRICITY SCREW R-22,12 R-22,12 RECIPROCATING R-22,2
	ADVANTAGE OF ABSORPTION CHILLER
ABSORPTION CHILLER ELECTRIC CHILLER   ENERGY SOURCE TOWN GAS,OIL,STREAM,HOT WATER BIG ELECTRICITY SMALL ELECTRICITY EXPENSIVE POWER RECEIVING FACILITY   HEAT MEDIUM REFRIGERANT : H2O ABSORBENT : LiBr REFRIGERANT:CFCs,HCFCs,HFC SAFE & HARMLESS ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION   PRINCIPLE STATIC PROCESS DYNAMIC PROCESS LOW NOISE AND VIBRATION NOISE AND VIBRATION
	Feature of absorption chiller
	1. SMALL POWER CONSUMPTION 2. OZONE SAFE, CFCs FREE 3. LOW NOISE AND VIBRATION 4. NO NEED FOR AN OPERATING ENGINEER 5. WASTE HEAT IS AVAILABLE 6. CHILLED / HOT WATER SUPPLY (DIRECT FIRED TYPE) 7. WIDE RANGE SELECTION
	Comparison table for operating cost
	ABSORPTION CHILLER FOR PLANT APPLICATION
WATER COOLED CHILLER CCAP 150 USRT ABS-DOUBLE EFFECT STEAMFIRED TYPE SATURATED STEAM, 8 Kg/Sq. CM SCREW COMPRESSOR TYPE   CONSUMP   ELEC. 3.2 Kw 125 Kw   STEAM 650 Kg/h -   COST   ELEC. 3.2 Kw x 2.0 Baht/Unit x 24 h x 365 d = 56,064 Baht/Year 125 Kw x 2.0 Baht/Unit x 24 h x 365 d = 2,190,000 Baht/Year   STEAM 660 Kg/h x 0.2 Baht/Kg x 24h x 365 d =1,561,032 Baht/Year   COMPARISION   73.8% 100% TOTAL COST   1,617,096 Baht/Year 2,190,000 Baht/Year
	ABOVE DATA BASED ON
		1. 100% OPERATING TIME / TYPE 2. AVERAGE OVERALL ELECTRICITY COST COMPLY TO TOU RATE 2.00 BAHT/UNIT) 3. ESTIMATE STEAM PRICE 0.27 BAHT/Kg.hr (BUNKER OIL C 4.00 BAHT/UNIT)
	ABSORPTION CHILLER FOR PLANT APPLICATION
WATER COOLED CHILLER CCAP 150 USRT ABS-DIRECT FIRED NATURAL GAS SCREW COMPRESSOR TYPE   CONSUMP   ELEC. 4.3 Kw 125 Kw   STEAM 41 Nm3/h -   COST   ELEC. 4.3 Kw x 2.0 Baht/Unit x 24 h x 365 d = 75,336 Baht/Year 125 Kw x 2.0 Baht/Unit x 24 h x 365 d = 2,190,000 Baht/Year   STEAM 41 Nm3/h x 4.79 Baht/Kg x 24h x 365 d =1,720,376 Baht/Year   COMPARISION   82% 100% TOTAL COST   1,795,712 Baht/Year 2,190,000 Baht/Year
		1. 100% OPERATING TIME / TYPE 2. AVERAGE OVERALL ELECTRICITY COST COMPLY TO TOU RATE 2.00 BAHT/UNIT) 3. ESTIMATE STEAM PRICE 0.27 BAHT/Kg.hr (Natural Gas 110 BAHT/UNIT)
DESCRIPTION ABS CHILLER COMPRESSOR CHILLER TOTAL SYSTEM COOLING CAPACITY 150 TR. 150 TR. CHILLER TYPE DOUBLE EFFECTED STEAM FIRED SCREW COMPRESSOR ENERGY INPUT 7 BAR SAT. STEAM ELECTRICITY 380 / 3 / 50 TOTAL OPERATING EXPENSE / YEAR       - ELECTRICITY 76.3 KW = 1,336,776 B/YR. 196.1 KW = 3,435,672 B/YR   - STEAM 750 KG/HR = 1,776,900 B/YR. 0 B/YR. TOTAL OPERATING EXP. 3,110,676 B/YR. 3,435,672 B/YR. TOTAL MAINTENANCE EXPENSE / YEAR       - PREVENTIVE 240,000 B/YR. 240,000 B/YR.   - OVERHAULS 200,900 B/YR. 400,000 B/YR. TOTAL OPERATING EXP. 440,000 B/YR. 640,000 B/YR. TOTAL O & M EXPENSE / YEAR 3,550,676 B/YR. 4,075,672 B/YR.
	REMARK - ABOVE DATA BASE ON
		1. ELECTRICITY PRICE 2 BAHT / KWHR 2. STEAM PRICE 0.27 BAHT / KG AT 7.0 BAR SAT. STEAM 3. OPERATING HR / YEAR 365 X 24 4. EXCLUDE INTEREST OF CAPITAL INVESTMENT.
	การเพิ่ม ABS เข้าในระบบทำน้ำเย็นเดิม
	Feasibility study for a 500 TR. vapour absorption chiller
	FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR A 500 TR. VAPOUR ABSORPTION CHILLER
	1 No. 500 TR. Centrifugal chiller
		Power consumption = 0.70 x 500 = 350 KW Rate of power Peak period = 305 Baht / KW / month Energy charge = 1.07 Baht / kWh Annual operating cost during peak period for 500 TR. = [(350 x 1.07 x 3 x 30) + (350 x 305)] Baht / month x 12 months / year = 1.7 million Baht / year Maintenance cost = 100,000 Baht / year Total operating cost = 1.8 million Baht / year
	1 No. 500 TR. Vapour Absorption Chiller
		Steam required = 500 x 4.5 Kg / TR.                             = 2,250 kg / hr @ 8 kg / cm2 (g) Efficiency of boiler = 88 % Fuel used = Bunker oil, Grade A / C Calorific Value = 9650 Kcal / Kg Cost of fuel = 4 Baht / kg Condensate return = 90 DegC (90 Kcal / kg) Enthalpy of steam at 8 bar = 662 Kcal / kg Operating cost = 2,250 x (662 - 90)                           --------------- x 4 Baht / kg                        0.88 x 9650                        = 606 Baht / hr Annual operating cost = 606 x 3 hrs / year x 30 days / month x 12 months / year                                         = 0.65 million Baht / year Maintenance cost = 30,000 Baht / year Total operating cost = 0.68 million Baht / year
	Annual Operating savings due to 500 TR. Absorption Chiller running only
		During peak period (18:30 to 21:30) = 1.8 - 0.68 = 1.12 million Baht / year Investment Analysis (indicative): Absorption chiller :
	1 no. 500 TR. Absorption chiller : 6.51 million Baht                                                      -------------- Total investment                            6.51 million Baht                                                      -------------- ( Exchange rate 1 U$ = 37 Baht )
	Playback period is 6.51 / 1.12 = 5.81 years.
	Conclusions :
		1. Operating costs for Absorption chiller is slightly lower. The savings can reduce or increase depending on the power consumption pattern during peak and partial peak hours
		2. Capital costs for absorption chiller are higher than the compression chiller. But a centrifugal chiller requires a standby because of having more number of moving parts. Due to the inherent characteristic of an Absorption chiller of not having many moving parts, a standby is not required. The only moving parts are two pumps - absorbent & refrigerant pumps. These pumps are canned motor pumps from Teikoku, Japan and are world famous for their reliability. In the 600 installations we have so far, there has been no problems in these pumps.
		3. R-22 and R-123 are transient refrigerants containing HCFC. As per Montreal Protocol to which Thailand is a signatory and an active member, these are to be phased out in a few years. R-123 is highly toxic in nature. The other available alternative, R-134a has a very high global warming potential (GWP) of about 1000 times that of CO2.
		4. Conversion of a chiller from one refrigerant to another at a later date requires change of components, results in reduction in capacity, increase in specific power consumption and is a specialized and expensive process.
		5. The only presently available permanent alternative is absorption chiller which uses water as refrigerant.
		6. Due to negligible moving parts in an Absorption chiller, the noise and vibration level is very low.
		7. Since there is no dynamic loading in an Absorption chiller, the foundation required is negligible. In fact, when testing the chiller in our factory we do not even require to bolt the chiller to the ground. On the other hand, a centrifugal chiller requires a highly firm foundation. This difference in civil costs has not been considered in the capital cost comparison.
		8. As an Absorption chiller does not require monitoring as in a centrifugal chiller there are savings on terms of manpower also.
		9. There is topping up of refrigerant required in a centrifugal chiller. This is an additional cost for a centrifugal chiller. As an Absorption chiller runs under vacuum, there is no leakage out of the system and therefore topping up is not required.
		10. The absorption chiller also has a longer life than centrifugal chillers. This is again due to being a more stable equipment and not having many moving parts.

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